Friday, December 27, 2019

The Declaration Of Independence And The Treaty Of The...

The shared passion of visionaries, thinkers, and writers profoundly influence society in the modern world and hold in their hands the ability to craft a better future. They inspire new ,, and sometimes even revolution. Two documents of the 18th century, The Declaration of Independence and the Declaration of Rights of man established and angle for which we view human rights, liberties, and human freedoms. While the underlying motivations of the declarations each have a distinct purpose, the intent to establish universal human rights parallel and often mimic one another in language and meaning. Both documents however have interesting contradictions and inconsistences with regards to whom the liberties should apply, from whom the authority is derived and the motivations behind the drafting of each respective declaration. Equality of man is a foundation for any true liberal democracy. It is not surprising that both documents, The Declaration of Independence, and the Declaration of the Rights of Man, establish the idea of equality as an intrinsic right for individuals. However, to fully understand the meaning of equality for each author, it is necessary to recognize the sizeable contradiction surrounding the time each declaration was written. In Colonial America, the authors of the Declaration proclaim, â€Å"all men are created equal,† with the, â€Å"unalienable rights,† of, â€Å"life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness† (US 1776). While in France on the verge of creating a new governmentShow MoreRelatedThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights Essay1368 Words   |  6 Pages The Universal Declaration of Human rights was adopted in the UN general assembly by the 10th December 1948. This is the first time that the world recognized that everyone had the right to enjoy freedom o f speech, freedom of religion and freedom from fear and want, and many other rights. International human rights come along way; before there was no rights. The idea of having rights that led to the development of international human rights takes time. There are benchmarks developments in internationalRead MoreReligious, Social, Philosophical, And Political Upheaval1394 Words   |  6 Pagesevidenced in documents resulting from each war. Specifically, the Treaty of Paris (1763) written at the end of the French and Indian war reflects the entrenched state religious beliefs of Protestantism and Catholicism in England and France. However, both the American Declaration of Independence (1776) and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man (1789) represent deistic ideologies and simultaneously place much importance on natural rights and the idea of a â€Å"social contract† as perpetuated by EnlightenmentRead MoreWhat Did The Battle At The Rio Grande Cause The Mexican American War ?1178 Words   |  5 PagesK. Polk to write a letter to Congress asking for a Declaration of War against Mexico on May 11, 1846. In his declaration of war he included the famous quote: â€Å"But now, after reiterated menaces, Mexico has passed the boundary of the United States, has invaded our territory and shed American blood upon the American soil. She has proclaimed that hostilities have commenced, and that the two nations are now at war.† Congress approved the Declaration of War after only a few hours of debate, and so on MayRead More Social inequality in 1820s Essay1385 Words   |  6 Pagesapplied to the white man. There was no intention in meaning that the blacks and Indians or even the women were equal. In the eyes of the delegates, and the common white majority, blacks, indians, and women were not an issue. To them, it was apparent that blacks were kids, Indians were savages, and women were homemakers. From the late 18th century to the mid 19th century was the grea test era of social and racial inequality in all American history. The Declaration of Independence states, We hold theseRead MoreThe Amistad Case Of American History923 Words   |  4 Pagesaboard the ship. The Spanish claimed that the slaves belong to them and should be returned to them along with all of the cargo from the ship. This case involved several legal issues, the rights of the slaves, the rights of Spain and international laws , the Treaty with Spain, and last but not least the rights of human being according to the U.S. Constitution. In this case the Spanish claimed that the Amistad ship should be returned to them along with all of the cargo that was on board includingRead MoreWilliam Wallace And The Scottish Knight Essay992 Words   |  4 Pagesbe remembered as being one of the men who sacrificed himself completely for his country. â€Å"He fought not only for freedom, but also for every human s right to own land, personal property, and the pursuit of a better existence.† (Ryan, P.2) Sir William Wallace, a Scottish knight, was one of the main figureheads in Scotland’s fight for independence. Although Scotland is still united with England, Wales, and Northern Ireland in what is known today as the United Kingdom, it still is, technically, itsRead MoreThe Benjamin Franklin Story Essay1023 Words   |  5 Pagesdifficulties. 10. Be economical; a gain usually requires expense; what is saved is clear (Herrmann). Keith offered to arrange letters of credit and introduction for Franklins trip to London to purchase equipment. Even though Franklin was a great business man, he wasnt expecting Keith to be unreliable. Due to the fact that he got to London without anything of real value, Franklin was stranded in Europe. He quickly found employment in two of Londons largest printing houses, however, and after two yearsRead MoreHow Americas Changed Physically, Socially, and Politically Since 1787795 Words   |  4 Pagesin 1787 as a small but confident country. Our country, America, has changed physically so much since 1787. America has adopted lands all over, especially from the west. The Texas Revolution was the revolt of Texans towards the Mexico for their independence. The Louisiana Purchase was when Thomas Jefferson bought the Louisiana territory from Napoleon, which doubled America’s size. The Mexicana American War when the U.S attacked the Mexicans for New Mexico and California. The Manifest Destiny was theRead MoreThe Birth Of Benjamin Franklin1014 Words   |  5 PagesEurope. Ben went to England in 1776 to not only represent the colonies but to help secure their independence. He worked diligently towards independence and was elected to the Second Continental Congress. He was one of five that worked on a committee to draft the Declaration of Independence (Quick Biography). In 1776 he signed the Declaration of Independence. This document gave, ... all men and women the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness and i s the basis for American government (A+Read MoreAmerican Revolution : The American Revolutionary War923 Words   |  4 Pagesfreedom. The American Revolution is also commonly known as the American Revolutionary War, or the U.S War of Independence. The War itself only last a short eight years, it began in 1775 and ended in 1783, but tensions had been building up for centuries between the Great Britain and the colonies at the given time period. The American Revolutionary War until 1778 was a war of independence between the Great Britain and the thirteen colonies, but after 1778 it became an international war, when Spain

Wednesday, December 18, 2019

Fossil Fuels Are An Important Part Of The World - 1947 Words

Introduction Fossil fuels are an extremely important part of the world we live in today. We often take for granted being able to constantly have privileges because of the use of fossil fuels. Most people do not generally think about the fossil fuels that they use, when they turn on a light and have electricity or when they are driving and are getting from place to place because of the gas in their tanks. However, as time goes on we have to be more conscious and realize that these fossil fuels are non-renewable, so we use as little as possible to ensure that we will not run out. This paper is going to delve deep into fossil fuels, why they are â€Å"non-renewable†, the three different types specifically, some advantages and disadvantages,†¦show more content†¦Like the others, coal was formed from the remains of trees and plants, and in some places it was formed from swamps. They explain, â€Å"The sea water contained a large amount of sulfur, and as the seas drie d up, the sulfur was left behind in the coal† (DOE - Fossil Energy: How Fossil Fuels Were Formed). There is some coal that is formed from freshwater swamps, where there is very little sulfur. Due to the fact that sulfur is an air pollutant, scientists are working on being able to remove the sulfur from the coal (DOE - Fossil Energy: How Fossil Fuels Were Formed). Non-renewable These fossil fuels are known as â€Å"non-renewable†, because if we continue to use them at the pace we do now we will run out. There is only a finite amount of each and due to the fact that we use so much there will be no more left, at least as long as humans are around. By continuing to extract the coal, oil, and natural gas, at the rate we are, we are hurting ourselves and the environment and eventually it is going to catch up with us. Alternative Energy says, â€Å"†¦worst is the lack of preparation for moving over to renewable energy sources in a manner that will minimize the unprecedented economic and social disruption due to the impending depletion of this resource† (Fossil Fuel). We have to find a way to promote using renewable energy to ensure our supply of fossil fuels does not runShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Global Warming On The Environment993 Words   |  4 Pages Global warming is part of earth. This meaning the air and the way the fossil fuels come into play. I want to start out talking about fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources. They can take up to thousands of years to produce. This is why they are non-renewable because it takes so long to make more. These fossil fuels are used to make gas and oil for people to drive their cars and oil for these big plants. The way that they are found is by digging deep in the groundRead MoreRenewable Energy Is Important For Our Environment1610 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most important ecological changes needed not only in this country, but globally would be the transition from fossil fuels and coal to renewable sources of energy like solar, wind, hydroelectric, and biofuels in an attempt to reduce carbon emissions, which in turn pollute the environment and contribute to adverse climate change. Even though renewable energy is able to regenerate, does not mean that it has no ecological footprint or that renewable energy is completely sustainable for ourRead More Biofuels Essay1213 Words   |  5 Pagesuse of fossil fuels, has become one of the most commonly debated issues. It is widely known that fossil fuels are non-renewable resources and the use of fossil fuels harm the environment, such as the combustion process of fossil fuels that leads to global warming. However, current societies are still dependent on fossil fuels. Because of the environmental problems and in order to decrease the wide-ranging consumption of fossil fuels, researches argue that agricultural based fuel or bio-fuel is oneRead MoreThe Sources Of Fossil Fuels1429 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper will discuss the three main fossil fuels which are oil, coal, and natural gas. This research shows how the fossil fuels are formed, where they could be found, and explain how they were formed over millions of years. This paper will show the numerous advantages of fossil fuels compared to the disadvantages and how they are hurting the Earth. Fossils fuels are critical to the function of everyday life. The world would be a different if fossil fuels and their uses were not to of use. Read MoreFossil Fuels And Its Effects On Our World1573 Words   |  7 PagesFossil fuels have been a big discussion in today’s world due to the pollution they have been causing on the earth. Fossil fuels have been creating energy for the world for so many years. Fossil fuels like oil, natural gas, and coals used every day by almost every American. We use it to travel, to keep us warm, to cook our food, and many other everyday activities, but we don’t know the harm it is doing to the world. Thanks to Media today we are starting to realize the damage fossil fuel is causingRead MoreAdvantages and Disadvantages of Fossil Fuels1073 Words   |  5 PagesAdvantages of fossil fuels * major advantage of fossil fuels is their capacity to generate huge amounts of electricity in just a single location.   * Fossil fuels are very easy to find.   * When coal is used in power plants, they are very cost effective. Coal is also in abundant supply.   * Transporting oil and gas to the power stations can be made through the use of pipes making it an easy task.   * Power plants that utilize gas are very efficient.   * Power stations thatRead MoreEssay about Renewable and Clean Energy1611 Words   |  7 PagesAs these days global warming, pollutions and fuel shortages are getting more and more serious through time, renewable and clean energy is increasingly the ideal solution to energy related problems we have to solve one way or another. Biofuel is currently one of the mainstream and highly supported solutions, an idea to make renewable fuel by living organisms such as fiber, corn, vegetable oil or sugarcane. Biofuels, unlike nonrenewable fossil fuels over extracted by people, contains the potentialRead MoreFossil Fuels Essay1081 Words   |  5 Pageswith Fossil Fuels Have you ever thought about where your electricity comes from? What the petroleum your car runs on is made of? What produces all the energy you see? Coal, oil, and natural gas make up the list of major fossil fuels. Almost all energy produced in the United States comes from burning these highly important fuels. That energy powers almost all of our electricity and all of our transportation. We as the people of this very planet are currently in a crisis because fossil fuels areRead MoreGEK1549 Assignment 11651 Words   |  7 PagesPart 1: Graphical Representation Part 2: Summary of argument In the article â€Å"Fossil Fuels Improve the Planet† (Epstein, 2013), Alex Epstein’s main claim was that fossil fuels should be used without restriction as they provide reliable and affordable energy that improves the lives of mankind. Aiming to convince the reader fossil fuelsRead MoreFossil Fuels ( Oil, Coal, Natural Gas )1743 Words   |  7 Pages Fossil Fuels (Oil, Coal, Natural Gas) Debbie Burrell SCI2000 Gwynedd Mercy University Abstract Fossil fuels are non-renewable sources of energy that were form billions of years ago. The three different types of fossil fuels in the world include: oil, coal and natural gas. Although each of the three types of fossil fuels are extracted differently they are all processed and used as the world’s primary sources of energy. Being the world’s primary sources of energy, fossil fuel experience

Tuesday, December 10, 2019

Health and Social Care Development Plan

Question: Discuss about the Health and Social Care for Personal and professional development plan. Answer: Short Term Medium Term Long Term Approaches to self-managed learning Social Networks: It is an easy way to socialize through self-learning in short term basis. These include virtual community or local community like, my yearbook, Twitter, Face book and other internet related community. According to researchers, people should spend more than two hours in a day to chat and share their ideas with other people to learn communication, personality and new skills (Aveyard 2014). Internet: People can get knowledge through various website surfing for an article, which is connected, to many other theories, risk management and management studies written by various authors. People can share this knowledge in their work places with their colleagues. Conferences and Seminars: Conferences and seminars are the best way to manage self-learning in long-term basis. People share their experiences and ideas by attending conferences and seminars. This helps them to improve personality development and personal skills. New ideas can appear through sharing the personal ideas (Munn-Giddings and Winter 2013). It will also help to build the confidence in public communication and it is very crucial for the institution. Proposed learning ways in personal and professional contexts The actual meaning of the lifelong learning is about knowing own personality. It can be done through personal analysis such as threats, opportunities, weakness and strengths or in short "SWOT Analysis" or through contributing to the professional perspectives (Aveyard and Sharp 2013). Self Evaluation: The SWOT analysis is presented below: Strengths are friendly behaviors, ambitious, good learning new skills. Weaknesses are being stressed and being short tempered. Opportunities are continuing with further studies, learning new skills, enhancing their talent, better job and better environment. Threat may the health and recession of money. After knowing own personality, the individuals can communicate with their friends and other persons. It will help to rectify the behavioral changes of the individuals. After SWOT analysis, one person can know his/her personality better than before. It will guide them to emphasize on their weakness. In long-term basis, people can attend different interviews over the social networks or seminars. It will help to build up the personality. The individuals can attend various personal development courses. Benefits in self-managed learning Continuous Learning: Continuous learning means professional and personal growth through learning events and experiences. It can be applied to organization bases, team and individuals. This is the key points to achieve goals. Strategy cycle: Continuous learning means changes. These changes may come through evaluating new knowledge, new understanding and new skills. For example if any situation will come where the individual has to handle the new situation, then the individual will evaluate the learnt knowledge and skills. Effective Leadership Effective leadership is about learning the influence process. It is an interpersonal dynamics. It is also a part of lifelong learning. Good Communication and Relationships: Due to globalization, most of the organizations are culturally diverse. It is tough to communicate with various members in the same organization. To deal this situation, the individual should know about effective communication (Brett et al 2014). This is also a part of self-learning. Certain examples are controlling people, leading, organizing, and planning. Motivation: This is another way of self-learning. This will self motivate the people to do the thing and the employers will be self-motivated. For example, good benefits or good incentives are those motivations, which charge up the members. Achievement: Achievement can be made when there are objectives. Achievements can be both professional and personal. It will give happiness, confidence and self-satisfaction. There are positive impacts and benefits of achievement. This will help to work efficiently. Required current skills and competencies Certain skills are required to solve the problems in an organization. These skills can be achieved through self-managed learning (Lowes and Hulatt 2013). Most of the organizations prefer flexibility among the workers, so that they can do different tasks. Personal Skills: After self observing the author found certain good qualities, like, researching and listening skills, good writing and friendly in him to meet that organizational goals. The author will give preference to share so that new ideas can be incorporated in the organization. Communication Skills: Self-managed learning helps to build writing skills and communication, which is very crucial for an individual as well as for organization objectives. It will enhance the individuality to incorporate new ideas. The aim of an organization is to recruit good staff or to train the existing staff to meet the target. The organization can take the help of smart theory (Specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time bound). An organization always searches for certain qualities, like, team player, time management, leadership skills, communication and writing skill in its employees (Lowes and Hulatt 2013). These skills will be related to the goals of the organization. Team Work Skills: Group discussion and seminars will help in building team work skills. According to research, the reason behind the success of any organization is good teamwork. Presentation Skills: This skill can also be developed through effective self-managed learning, like, group discussion and seminars. This will help to build good confidence and individual communication. Required developmental needs and activities Any organization requires an employee with IT skills, leadership skills, time management skills. The author is lagging behind with all these skills. Therefore, to cover up these weaknesses the authors is engaging him in different training, personality development sessions, and self study practicing (Dickinson and O'Flynn 2016). Sometimes the author is facing communication problem, which is trying to solve through class presentation. Personal Strategy: The author can improve his professional and personal life through adopting some personal strategies. It can be done through reading newspapers and books to grow the knowledge and help in communication development. That is crucial for an organization. Personal development can be done through analyzing external environment (PEST) like technology, socially, economically and politically analysis. Training: To develop various activities and skills, people can attend different training. These trainings are based on different developmental activities and skills. Required developmental opportunities Current Needs: The author can understand the current level. The author is aware of the cultural differences through adoption in multicultural environment. The author is quick learner at present. Along with this, other needed skills are, mending and building relationships, participative management, personal development, leading people, Strategic planning, inspiring commitment etc. Future Needs: The author will try to drive his personal development to another understanding level. These skills will help to get the success (Ham et al 2012). This includes decisiveness, balancing professional life and personal life, employee development, managing change, inspiring commitment, strategic planning, and leading people. Developmental needs: After analyzing future needs, the author will opt for developmental needs. These needs will guide the author to develop in the organization. It will help the author to adopt other needs o different organization. It will help in career building. References: Aveyard, H. and Sharp, P., 2013.A Beginner's Guide to Evidence-based Practice in Health and Social Care. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Aveyard, H., 2014.Doing a literature review in health and social care: A practical guide. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Brett, J., Staniszewska, S., Mockford, C., Herronà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Marx, S., Hughes, J., Tysall, C. and Suleman, R., 2014. Mapping the impact of patient and public involvement on health and social care research: a systematic review.Health Expectations,17(5), pp.637-650. Dickinson, H. and O'Flynn, J., 2016.Evaluating outcomes in health and social care. Policy Press. Glasby, J. and Dickinson, H., 2014.Partnership working in health and social care: what is integrated care and how can we deliver it?. Policy Press. Ham, C., Dixon, A. and Brooke, B., 2012. Transforming the Delivery of Health and Social Care: The case for fundamental change.London: Kings Fund. Lowes, L. and Hulatt, I. eds., 2013.Involving service users in health and social care research. Routledge. Munn-Giddings, C. and Winter, R., 2013.A handbook for action research in health and social care. Routledge.

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

The Swanston St Wall Collapse Report

The contributing factors Investigators believe that a gust of a strong wind that hit the city could have contributed to the collapse of the Swanston St Wall. According to the data from the Bureau of Meteorology, the estimated speed of the wind was 102 km/h at the time (shortly before 3 pm) the wall collapsed (Millar and Lucas, 2013).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Swanston St Wall Collapse specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Bureau of Metrology estimated that the â€Å"average wind speed for a 10-minute period at 3 pm was 83 km/h† (Millar and Lucas, 2013). The Bureau considers a wind of such a magnitude as strong and has the ability to dislocate roofs from houses and break limbs from trees. Another possible cause of the wall collapse is the sign that had been hanging there for the last 17 months. As a result, many investigators have focused on the possible role of the advertisement board. They belie ved that it could have created a sail-like effect in such a strong wind. Finally, investigators would also focus on tree roots to determine if they could have cracked and made the wall weak (Shand and Baxendale, 2013). What happened? Architectural engineers concurred that, if the advertisement sign was notably higher than the wall that held it, then there were chances that it tampered with the safety of the wall (Millar and Gough, 2013). In this respect, the signboard acted as a sail or parachute when the strong wing hit the city. This potentially enhanced the collapse of the Swanston St Wall. Some tenants who occupy the opposite buildings noted that the advertisement sign was more than one metre taller than the brick wall that held it. Richard Eckhaus, an engineer from the Engineers Australia Structural College noted that a taller hoarding than the wall could have contributed to the collapse of the wall. The outcomes The collapsed wall hit straight on the footpath and caused severe injuries to three pedestrians, who were passing near the wall when it collapsed. They sustained injuries from the falling debris and bricks.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Three people also lost their lives. They included â€Å"Alexander Jones, 19 years old; Marie-Faith Fiawoo, 33 years old and Bridget Jones, 18 years old. Both Alexander and Marie-Faith died at the scene of the accident due to injuries they sustained while Bridget Jones succumbed to her injuries after three days while undergoing treatment. Australian authorities have embarked on a series of investigations in order to ascertain the exact cause of the collapse. Different city authorities have also called for a countrywide inspection of dangerous buildings in order to avert any potential future disasters. In addition, the State Coroner also initiated initial hearings into the death of three pedestrians. The status of investigations into this accident Currently, investigations are underway to ascertain causes of the collapse and its consequences. However, some of the architects have already reacted by questioning the safety of the brick walls constructed in the 1960s and 1970s (Millar and Gough, 2013). Trevor Huggard, an engineer and a former Melbourne lord mayor noted that â€Å"a building regulation dating back to the 1930s, but still in place, dictates that such external walls must not be more than 6 feet, or 1.8 metres, high† (Millar and Gough, 2013). In addition, he also observed that the wall met the standard approach of an external building wall construction at the time. However, after a careful review of the photographs, the engineer concluded that the Swanston St Wall was poorly constructed. The wall lacked a significant number of metal ties, which were responsible for holding the two courses of the wall together. In addition, the wall seemed to lack buttresses or any o ther supports. Haggard concluded that the brick wall â€Å"appeared to contravene every rule in the book† (Millar and Gough, 2013). Who was responsible? According to Planning Ministry, the property developer has the responsibility of obtaining all the relevant permits for the site (Vedelago and Johanson, 2013). The Melbourne City Council has the responsibility of ensuring that such developers adhere to the city regulations. On the other hand, the City Council responded that the Ministry had the responsibility of issuing planning permits for the site. These two offices demonstrate that issues of who bear responsibility for such accidents are daunting. Clearly, the Planning Ministry must ensure effective planning while the City Council has the authority on all structures within the public domain and any advertisement. In addition, the Building Commission and WorkSafe also have responsibilities in this case.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Swanston St Wall Collapse specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Overall, all relevant government agencies bear ethical responsibility for the collapsed wall. Further investigations would prove whether the owner of the site had relevant documents, including advertisement permit. These investigations would show the government agency that has a legal responsibility of the collapsed wall. The owner of the building site and some of his engineers bear legal responsibility for the collapsed wall. Possibly, they would face criminal charges if all the investigations conclude that the collapse took place due to negligence of the owner and engineers. WorkSafe must investigate the collapse of the Swanston St Wall. It may also be prudent to invite Melbourne North Crime Investigation Unit to probe the collapse of the wall. Some observers believe that the construction company (Grocon) bear legal responsibility because of the signboard (Shand and Baxendale, 2013). W orkSafe must probe whether the wall had a proper support and what the billboard and the wind did to cause the collapse of the wall. Legal liabilities will depend on whether WorkSafe finds â€Å"evidence of negligence on the part of the owners, workers, contractors, or managers for any work that was done or failed to be done on the site† (Vedelago and Johanson, 2013). According to the Occupation Health and Safety Act, an employer has â€Å"a duty to ensure that the public is not exposed to health or safety risks from work sites† (Australian Government, 2013). WorkSafe has the ability to present cases for prosecution under different states’ health and safety acts (WorkSafe Victoria, 2013). In some circumstance, the body may refer some cases to the Director of Public Prosecutions for prosecution under the Crimes Act (WorkSafe Victoria, 2013). Overall, all parties involved in regulation of city structures, the owner of the structure, and the engineers have ethical a nd legal responsibilities to protect the public from such accidents.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Was the accident foreseeable and preventable? The Swanston St Wall was not heritage listed. This may raise questions on why the wall was still there, although it is almost a century old. For several years, councillors and other parties that ensure safety of the city have claimed that the sight like CUB Swanston St should not be â€Å"cleared or partly cleared until the proposed development is ready to begin after approval and funding† (Millar and Gough, 2013). This indicates that wall was dangerous to the public and constructors on the site. It is also imperative to note that the city authorities once cleared the site as a bombsite. However, the developer and city authorities did not take any action to ensure that the place was safe. Usually, a bombsite has high risks than other finished structures. The developer failed to develop the Swanston Square as required. This increased the public exposure to the danger of the wall. Hence, the accident was foreseeable and preventable. Possible Prosecution by WorkSafe under the Victorian OHS Act 2004 The major role of OHS Act is to ensure â€Å"the health and safety of employees rest with employers, as well as any person who has the ability to control the health and safety of employees through their acts or omissions† (Australian Government, 2013). The OHS sets the standards and required guidelines for compliance with various laws of OHS. Different states have their standards rules in order to reduce cases of unexpected danger. The OHS implementation also depends on specific industries or fields of employment. The WorkSafe should be constructive and accountable in order to ensure compliance among stakeholders as required. Moreover, WorkSafe also offers advice and assistance for employees and employers on how to enhance their safety at workplaces. The OHS Act 2004 places the onus on the owner of the site (employer) who should ensure that employees are safe and healthy. WorkSafe must ensure effective investi gation and regulation by providing â€Å"clear, accessible advice and guidance about what constitutes compliance with the Act and Regulations† (WorkSafe Victoria, 2013). The agency must use Compliance Codes, WorkSafe standards, and any other requirements, which depend on the nature of the job to warrant investigations. WorkSafe must provide convincing solutions on the matter of who was responsible for safety of the wall and permit for the attached hoarding. The permit of the billboard has remained a contentious issue since the collapse of the wall. For instance, the Melbourne City Council has insisted that it did not issue any permit and the issue of responsibility lies with the State Planning Ministry. On the other hand, the Planning Minister noted that the City Council was responsible for enforcing all city laws. The property developer has refused to comment on the matter. Overall, one must note that the issue of the hoarding permit is a delicate matter between the City Cou ncil and the Planning Ministry. This situation has made it difficult for the public to determine who bears the responsibility because of negligence. WorkSafe must harmonious several regulations and establish the relationship between these regulations. The agency must be able to show various points of action for different authorities in managing city buildings and sites. Hence, WorkSafe must establish who is responsible for the safety of the site, the building, and the collapsed wall. WorkSafe must also establish whether there was a legal onus for the owner of the building and the developer to provide regular updates about the deterioration condition of the wall and public safety measures. According to legal requirements, owners of derelict sites must provide such information annually to the government (Shand, 2013). The Agency must resolve the conflict between the City Council and the Planning Ministry with the issue of the hoarding approval. According to the City Council, the Plann ing Ministry is responsible for the planning permit of the site. In addition, the Ministry also controls large plots, which are above 25,000sq m in size. On the contrary, the Planning Ministry says that the City Council approves all hoarding within the city. Approval of the advertisement billboard was not a part of the Ministry’s role. The Planning Ministry only provided a permit for the development of the site, but it failed to ensure that the development commenced as required under the law. Shand notes that, â€Å"Melbourne City Council has been unable to locate paperwork relating to any application† (Shand, 2013). Given the squabble between these two government agencies, it would be difficult for WorkSafe to hold any of them accountable unless issues of roles and responsibilities become clear. WorkSafe may only prosecute the owner of the site and the engineer for negligence on safety of the public. Some of the â€Å"lessons learned† from The Swanston St Wall Collapse Several engineers pointed at the hoarding as a possible contributor to the collapse of the wall because it was taller than the wall that held it. In this respect, the hoarding could have acted as a parachute for the wind. Clear, walls should not bear advertisement billboards that are taller than they are in Melbourne, especially in windy areas. In addition, Melbourne has strong winds, which can make walls constructed in 1960s to collapse. There is a need to review and audit conditions and safety of such walls in the country and report on their conditions. There are many ‘bombsites’ in Australia, which are not heritage listed. An audit would review the number of such walls and provide safety to the public against any possible collapse from strong winds. The OHS Act 2004 is clear on the roles and responsibilities of employers and employees in the workplace. However, this is not the case with the Planning Ministry and the Melbourne City Council. These arms of the government have overlapping roles in managing sites and issuing of permits. There is no clear point on where their duties end. This has made it difficult to hold any department accountable for the collapsed wall. Hence, the Planning Ministry and the City Council require a new definition of their roles and responsibilities. Law enforcement has not been effective in managing derelict sites. For instance, the owner of such buildings should provide annual updates about conditions of their structures with regard to public safety. In addition, they should also develop such sites immediately after the issuance of permits. However, it is obvious that the owner of the Swanston St Wall site did not do so. This is a violation of public safety rules, which WorkSafe should not tolerate. The Swanston St did not have an adequate exclusion area for pedestrians. This is a mandatory requirement in public places, which have ongoing construction works. Engineers believe that the wall lacked adequate re inforcement. Unreinforced brick walls are highly prone to cracks after several years. Moreover, they can easily collapse under pressure from strong winds. Strong reinforcement is necessary for such walls (Ayub, 2010). Engineers noted that the foundation of the collapsed wall did not have strong buttresses and supports. In addition, it lacked any form of reinforcement to resist possible pressure from strong winds or hoarding boards (Levy and Salvadori, 1992). It is important to build strong buttresses and support systems for walls in order to resist strong winds, cracks, and weights. Braces are also necessary in double walls to keep them together. Engineers examined the photographs and noted cracks. The wall was unable to resist the strong winds and support the hoarding that created a sail-like effect in the strong wind. This could have caused the collapse of the wall. The brick walls tend to crack fast under pressure. Analysis of the photographs revealed several cracks on the brick wall. Many engineers believed that they could have resulted from tree roots due to a weak foundation (Petroski, 1994). It is important to note that the developer and the owner could have prevented the accident because they knew all about safety requirements for such structures. The lack of the support from the ground was rather obvious. Additional of the advertisement billboard was a big mistake. The site owner could have ignored yearly audit required to ascertain the safety of the structure. Although numbers of collapsing structures are not common in Australia relative to other places, such cases indicate potentially dangerous buildings that can collapse under such extreme conditions (Wearne, 2000). Description and justification any changes to existing professional engineering practices, work practices, OHS legislation, or OHS regulation in Victoria The OSH Act 2004 provides clear safety requirements and practices for employers and employees at the workplace to observe and maintain . However, in this case, neither the employer nor the engineer observed the OSH Act requirements. In this regard, risk control is a process that all stakeholders must observe in the construction industry. The site took more than seven years after approval before any construction could begin. This is against the regulation, which requires that developer must start immediate construction after approval. The law should be strict on such site owners and developers. All constructions should have clear erection guidelines, which are specific to the site of construction. Such sites are prone to danger than other sites. Hence, the site must adhere to set guidelines. Tall walls may also require additional support during construction to support loads (Virdi, 2000). The drawing must capture such requirements. Engineers must insist on exclusion zones to keep away the public from potential collapse zones. This was not the case at the CUB Swanston St. There should be clear signs for pedestrians t o avoid such paths. However, the developer did not put a warning sign to the public. The OSH Act 2004 and WorkSafe should understand roles and responsibilities of the Planning Ministry and the City Council. These two organisations tend to engage in squabbles during such crises. WorkSafe should approach investigations based on specific legal and ethical responsibilities of various parties. There is a need to insist on professional and ethical engineering practices at workplaces. Engineers have professional, ethical, and legal responsibilities at the workplace. Adequate awareness and education can promote good practices during construction. Finally, OSH and WorkSafe should insist on classic scientific methods on investigating structural failures and collapsed buildings. Review of the evidence should be systematic. Investigators should conduct careful analyses of photographic documentation, measurements of the structures against approved limits, and other clues that may provide substan tial evidence (Feld and Carper, 1997). Witnesses are important in effective investigation of any accidents. This process must also include a thorough analysis of construction documents and geotechnical reports of the site. Engineers should observe the site and provide their opinions before disasters strike. They can develop several hypotheses to explain the cause of structural failures for future improvement. Finally, every stage must undergo a thorough analysis by using engineering standards. This is the best method to gauge the party responsible for the structural failure. Reference List Australian Government 2013, Australian Occupation Health and Safety Act, http://www.findlaw.com.au/articles/4732/australian-occupational-health-and-safety-ohs-laws.aspx Ayub, M 2010, ‘Structural Collapses During Construction: Lessons Learned, 1990-2008’, Structure Magazine, pp. 1-8. Feld, J and Carper, K 1997, Construction Failure, John Wiley Sons, New York. Levy, M and Salvadori, M 1992, Why Buildings Fall Down, Norton Co, New York. Millar, R and Gough, D 2013, The wall, and why it collapsed http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/the-wall-and-why-it-collapsed-20130402-2h56t.html Millar, R and Lucas, C 2013, Freak winds may have led to fatal brick wall collapse http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/freak-winds-may-have-led-to-fatal-brick-wall-collapse-20130522-2k1oj.html Petroski, H 1994, Design Paradigms: Case Histories of Error and Judgment in Engineering, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Shand, A 2013, Doubts Grocon had permit for hoarding, http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/doubts-grocon-had-permit-for-hoarding/story-e6frg6nf-1226612035139 Shand, A and Baxendale, R 2013, Questions raised over role of Grocon billboard in wall collapse http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/questions-raised-over-role-of-grocon-billboard-in-wall-collapse/story-e6frg6nf-1226610483038 Vedelago, C and Johanson, S 2013, Owners could be charged over wall fall as Grocon under fire. http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/owners-could-be-charged-over-wall-fall-as-grocon-under-fire-20130329-2gyrj.html Virdi, K 2000, Abnormal Loading on Structures: Experimental and Numerical Modelling, Taylor Francis, New York. Wearne, P 2000, Collapse: when buildings fall down, TV Books, Orlando. WorkSafe Victoria 2013, Occupational Health Safety, http://www.worksafe.vic.gov.au/laws-and-regulations/occupational-health-and-safety. 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